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P1234567890
Emperor of the Universe
Joined: 11 Mar 2006
Posts: 8336
Location: Victoria, Canada
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 Posted: Thu Jan 17, 2008 10:28 am Post subject: Mutations DO Increase Functionality |
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This post is intended for Trinity, who has repeatedly stated that evolution can't work because mutations can not add new functionality to a genome.
Trinity, this claim of yours is FALSE, and a while back I explained to you exactly why it is false. You must not have read that post, so I am re-posting it here. Please read this, because it explains exactly how mutations can (and do) add new functionality to a genome:
| Trinity1 wrote: |
What good does 'mricae' or 'amricer' or 'cmeria' or any other jumbled mess of letters have when trying to spell America. Same with the amino acids when producing an increase in funcitionality? I'm sure you are familiar with the monkey analogy typing War and Peace... yes? Sure its a possibility, sure he can type by hitting those buttons, sure he may occasionally connect a few letters making a word or two... but the point is... and this is what you are missing... these differences in coding are never going to create 'War and Peace'. The only thing you are ever going to create is a jumbled mess of non-functioning DNA.
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Trinity, you have an oversimplified view of how mutations work which COMPLETLEY mischaracterizes EVERYTHING that is going on. You are mixing analogies which have very little in common. Yes, DNA is a string of bases analogous to 'America' or 'War and Peace' being a string of letters. But the rules of English grammar and spelling are not analogous at all to the rules of protein folding and how proteins interact in your cells. So don't do this, because it's simplistic and wrong.
A single spelling mistake in 'America' completely changes the word. A single amino acid change in a protein MIGHT completely change the protein, but it's FAR more likely that it will change a local area of the protein. So some of the non-mutated protein's original function is conserved, and some of it has changed. This change might be beneficial, or it might be harmful.
As far as 'new functionality' goes, here is the most common way for this to happen (and scientists have observed this REPEATEDLY in experiments on organisms such as fruit flies and bacteria, but also on plants and other animals): You start off with some DNA which contains a certain gene A which codes for some protein which has function p(A). Now a duplication mutation occurs (a duplication mutation is when a large piece of a chromosome duplicates accidentally within a genome; this happens all the time and is documented in any undergrad microbiology textbook) on the section of the chromosome containing A. Now we have two copies of gene A in the genome.
Having two copies of A rarely does harm to the organism, since there are already mechanisms in the cell to regulate p(A). Now the organism might reproduce for many generations and in all of that time all of the offspring inherit the double copy of A in their genomes.
But also during this time, point mutations continue to occur. If A is a vital gene, then if some of these point mutations occurred in A when there was only one copy, then this might have caused death. But now that there are two copies, there is room for mutations to play around with one of them. Since it's already a gene which does something in the organism, it is not nearly a random string of DNA, and therefore modifying it has a high probability of producing a new gene, call it B, which also does something useful.
In nature, this happens over many, many generations, and many mutations cause death, but many also add benefits. So over time these beneficial mutations build up in B and add new functionality by doing whatever p(B) does. Maybe it adds resistance to antibiotics. Maybe it adds resistance to a virus. Maybe it just changes the shape of the organism slightly. Maybe it acts as anti-freeze, so the organism can increase its range into colder climates, etc.
But the point is that we started with a creature with a single copy of A, and through reproduction and mutations which we KNOW happen ended up with a creature with both A and the new gene B with new functionality p(B). This is CLEARLY not like randomly messing around with strings of English or monkeys and typewriters as you described in your analogy about War and Peace. It is a false analogy which just confuses the issues.
Gene B is clearly not a duplicate of A, because it STARTED as a duplicate of A and changed over successive generations. People have observed this in the lab countless times. In fact, by subjecting fruit flies or bacteria to radiation, we can even increase their natural mutation rates and see really crazy things happen. Some of them are even beneficial. For example, bacteria's increasing resistance to antibiotics is VERY beneficial for the bacteria.
_________________
"Men never do evil so completely and cheerfully as when they do it from religious conviction."
-Blaise Pascal
"...with or without religion, good people can behave well and bad people can do evil; but for good people to do evil -that takes religion..."
-Steven Weinberg
"I would bless my children with your destruction instead."
-Someone who shall remain anonymous. |
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Trinity1
Emperor of the World
Joined: 02 Apr 2006
Posts: 3123
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| Posted: Thu Jan 17, 2008 5:22 pm Post subject: Re: Mutations DO Increase Functionality |
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| P1234567890 wrote: | | In nature, this happens over many, many generations, and many mutations cause death, but many also add benefits. So over time these beneficial mutations build up in B and add new functionality by doing whatever p(B) does. Maybe it adds resistance to antibiotics. Maybe it adds resistance to a virus. Maybe it just changes the shape of the organism slightly. Maybe it acts as anti-freeze, so the organism can increase its range into colder climates, etc.. |
P... I don't need a dissertation on what the theory says. I have had it explained to be 3 ways to Sunday... I got it. What I need is some evidence of it occurring as you have explained. That would be something new.
What I would like to see, in just one of these dissertations, is an empirical example of this increase in both the DNA chain and functionality. If, and this is my point, if this process has resulted in ALL extant life, then we would assuredly have countless examples of this occurring today. If this is indeed the process... where have we seen this occur?!? I could equally give you five examples of how your alphabet analogy falls apart, but it has nothing to do with reality... what we OBSERVE.
So, if this is your final answer, it fails. Period. There is no empirical genetic evidence for this process. If there is, cite. You should have hundreds and thousands examples of empirical examples of this occurring if this indeed the process that brought us out of that pribiotic mess.
_________________
Exodus 20:11 "For in six days the Lord made the heavens and the earth, the sea, and all that is in them..."
‘The German Führer, as I have consistently maintained, is an evolutionist; he has consciously sought to make the practice of Germany conform to the theory of evolution.’ Sir Arthur Keith |
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P1234567890
Emperor of the Universe
Joined: 11 Mar 2006
Posts: 8336
Location: Victoria, Canada
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| Posted: Thu Jan 17, 2008 11:10 pm Post subject: Re: Mutations DO Increase Functionality |
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| Trinity1 wrote: |
What I would like to see, in just one of these dissertations, is an empirical example of this increase in both the DNA chain and functionality. If, and this is my point, if this process has resulted in ALL extant life, then we would assuredly have countless examples of this occurring today. If this is indeed the process... where have we seen this occur?!? I could equally give you five examples of how your alphabet analogy falls apart, but it has nothing to do with reality... what we OBSERVE. |
For God's sake man, just pick up any modern microbiology textbook! This isn't advanced stuff!
Arguing that mutations don't increase DNA size or functionality is like arguing that the Earth is flat. People HAVE observed it many, many times.
But fine, if you want a reference, here's one:
http://www.nslij-genetics.org/duplication/zhang03.pdf
Trinity, this stuff has been known since the 1960s, and it is widespread. The fact that you haven't found it before now shows that you really haven't been looking very hard.
Here's what Wikipedia says about it:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_duplication
If those aren't enough, then follow the bibliographies backwards to your heart's content until you are convinced.
_________________
"Men never do evil so completely and cheerfully as when they do it from religious conviction."
-Blaise Pascal
"...with or without religion, good people can behave well and bad people can do evil; but for good people to do evil -that takes religion..."
-Steven Weinberg
"I would bless my children with your destruction instead."
-Someone who shall remain anonymous. |
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Trinity1
Emperor of the World
Joined: 02 Apr 2006
Posts: 3123
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| Posted: Fri Jan 18, 2008 7:53 am Post subject: Re: Mutations DO Increase Functionality |
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| P1234567890 wrote: |
For God's sake man, just pick up any modern microbiology textbook! This isn't advanced stuff! |
You are exactly right... its not, and this why I can't understand why you don't understand the problem.
Your links lead to me to a study and Wiki's explanation of Gene Duplication, the mutational process of copying an extra gene... from one that already exists BTW. Second, and this is the important crux of the argument... so lets not try to obfuscate on the main fact. You can duplicate a gene with an error in copying... making the gene longer than it previously was with the same information, or even different information. Got it! However, your problem lies in the production of increases in the functionality of the mutated gene. If the gene is simply performing the same function, twice, three times, or a hundred times, there is no increase in the functionality, nor complexity. This is where ToE fails, and fails miserably. You are not going to get exponential increases in complexity and functionality simply by jumbling up (mutations) the chain. It does not happen… in nature anyway. Perhaps on paper, in your computer, or in theory… but that is not empirical science.
This is what I am after. You notice there was an AND in the requirement of ToE. You ignored it. Just because you have extra copies of the same function does not mean there is an increase in functionality. You need to demonstrate the building of something new... not the loss of... which is what happens in our observations. The real science. You demand that I accept that this occurs… fine, show me where we have observed this and I’ll shut my yip. If not, then I am correct… ToE is science fiction… just like I have insisted all along. If this is indeed the process you should have hundreds of examples to cite…. right? If all life does this, then there should be thousands of observable examples.
This is similar to Craig’s argument that the Bible can be interpreted so the world is millions of years old… He asserts it, appeals to all of the authorities that believe it, and then marginalizes everyone else who disagrees. However, when asked for citations from scripture, or in this case real science, you get nothing more than the continued belittlement of those who ask for simple examples. Call me a 'flat earther' P... I don't care... but I would expect more from you than that.
ToE requires these increases in both the DNA (which you provided, but it also requires the increase in functionality... which you, or no one else has ever provided.
_________________
Exodus 20:11 "For in six days the Lord made the heavens and the earth, the sea, and all that is in them..."
‘The German Führer, as I have consistently maintained, is an evolutionist; he has consciously sought to make the practice of Germany conform to the theory of evolution.’ Sir Arthur Keith |
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P1234567890
Emperor of the Universe
Joined: 11 Mar 2006
Posts: 8336
Location: Victoria, Canada
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| Posted: Fri Jan 18, 2008 2:09 pm Post subject: Re: Mutations DO Increase Functionality |
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| Trinity1 wrote: |
Your links lead to me to a study and Wiki's explanation of Gene Duplication, the mutational process of copying an extra gene... from one that already exists BTW. Second, and this is the important crux of the argument... so lets not try to obfuscate on the main fact. You can duplicate a gene with an error in copying... making the gene longer than it previously was with the same information, or even different information. Got it! However, your problem lies in the production of increases in the functionality of the mutated gene. If the gene is simply performing the same function, twice, three times, or a hundred times, there is no increase in the functionality, nor complexity. This is where ToE fails, and fails miserably. You are not going to get exponential increases in complexity and functionality simply by jumbling up (mutations) the chain. It does not happen… in nature anyway. Perhaps on paper, in your computer, or in theory… but that is not empirical science.
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Trinity, I don't know if you are purposefully trying to misunderstand what I have been posting, but let me spell it out as succinctly as I possibly can:
1. If a gene is vital to an organism's biological processes, then there is a good chance that mutating that gene will cause death.
2. However, if an organism has two copies of the same vital gene, then one of them is free to mutate in any way without harming the organism, and in fact, the mutations to the second copy can be beneficial, adding functionality.
There, that's the science of it in a nutshell. This has been been observed in the laboratory MANY times. It increases BOTH the length AND the functionality of the genome.
So when you say that science has not demonstrated that mutations can increase functionality, you are totally and objectively stating something that is false.
Duplication plus other mutations DEFINITELY increase genome length and functionality, and it has been observed MANY, MANY times.
_________________
"Men never do evil so completely and cheerfully as when they do it from religious conviction."
-Blaise Pascal
"...with or without religion, good people can behave well and bad people can do evil; but for good people to do evil -that takes religion..."
-Steven Weinberg
"I would bless my children with your destruction instead."
-Someone who shall remain anonymous. |
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Trinity1
Emperor of the World
Joined: 02 Apr 2006
Posts: 3123
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| Posted: Fri Jan 18, 2008 3:57 pm Post subject: Re: Mutations DO Increase Functionality |
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| P1234567890 wrote: |
2. However, if an organism has two copies of the same vital gene, then one of them is free to mutate in any way without harming the organism, and in fact, the mutations to the second copy can be beneficial, adding functionality. |
I see no problem with this hypothesis P. I understand it.... I'm not trying to be evasive here at all. This is my point entirely though. Theoretically, this sounds like a perfect plausible scenario... however, these increases in functionality or complexity of the gene are NOT.... I'll repeat this just so I don't get accused of snot again... these increases ARE NOT OBSERVED. THEY ARE NOT EMPIRCAL ... they are nothing more than rhetoric.... this is not science… this is science fiction to state this is the process when it is not observed.
| Quote: | | There, that's the science of it in a nutshell. This has been observed in the laboratory MANY times. It increases BOTH the length AND the functionality of the genome. |
Fine, then you should not have a problem citing it then... also, manipulating the gene in the lab doesn't count... that is not what nature does... so, please... feel free to provide a citation instead of trying to marginalize my insistnace that it doesn't occur.
_________________
Exodus 20:11 "For in six days the Lord made the heavens and the earth, the sea, and all that is in them..."
‘The German Führer, as I have consistently maintained, is an evolutionist; he has consciously sought to make the practice of Germany conform to the theory of evolution.’ Sir Arthur Keith |
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P1234567890
Emperor of the Universe
Joined: 11 Mar 2006
Posts: 8336
Location: Victoria, Canada
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| Posted: Fri Jan 18, 2008 9:31 pm Post subject: Re: Mutations DO Increase Functionality |
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| Trinity1 wrote: | | P1234567890 wrote: |
2. However, if an organism has two copies of the same vital gene, then one of them is free to mutate in any way without harming the organism, and in fact, the mutations to the second copy can be beneficial, adding functionality. |
I see no problem with this hypothesis P. I understand it.... I'm not trying to be evasive here at all. This is my point entirely though. Theoretically, this sounds like a perfect plausible scenario... however, these increases in functionality or complexity of the gene are NOT.... I'll repeat this just so I don't get accused of snot again... these increases ARE NOT OBSERVED. THEY ARE NOT EMPIRCAL ... they are nothing more than rhetoric.... this is not science… this is science fiction to state this is the process when it is not observed.
| Quote: | | There, that's the science of it in a nutshell. This has been observed in the laboratory MANY times. It increases BOTH the length AND the functionality of the genome. |
Fine, then you should not have a problem citing it then... also, manipulating the gene in the lab doesn't count... that is not what nature does... so, please... feel free to provide a citation instead of trying to marginalize my insistnace that it doesn't occur. |
Trinity, I already DID provide a reference to a scientific paper (see above) which CLEARLY shows that gene duplication as a mechanism for evolution is a reality and that it has been observed. Apparently you did not follow that link or look at the paper.
For your convenience, I am citing it again here:
http://www.nslij-genetics.org/duplication/zhang03.pdf
_________________
"Men never do evil so completely and cheerfully as when they do it from religious conviction."
-Blaise Pascal
"...with or without religion, good people can behave well and bad people can do evil; but for good people to do evil -that takes religion..."
-Steven Weinberg
"I would bless my children with your destruction instead."
-Someone who shall remain anonymous. |
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Trinity1
Emperor of the World
Joined: 02 Apr 2006
Posts: 3123
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| Posted: Sat Jan 19, 2008 7:59 am Post subject: Re: Mutations DO Increase Functionality |
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| P1234567890 wrote: |
Trinity, I already DID provide a reference to a scientific paper (see above) which CLEARLY shows that gene duplication as a mechanism for evolution is a reality and that it has been observed. Apparently you did not follow that link or look at the paper.
For your convenience, I am citing it again here:
http://www.nslij-genetics.org/duplication/zhang03.pdf |
P... I did read this study. Perhaps you didn't notice on page 293, lower right:
| Quote: | | Gene duplication produces functional redundancy... |
That means... no new functions. The authors postulate after millions of years of the gene having a neutral impact on the organism... it would not be until then could this new pseudo-gene generate some new function.
Your citation therefore FAILS. Like I said before.... there ought to be thousands of these out there... one example should not be that hard to cite.
_________________
Exodus 20:11 "For in six days the Lord made the heavens and the earth, the sea, and all that is in them..."
‘The German Führer, as I have consistently maintained, is an evolutionist; he has consciously sought to make the practice of Germany conform to the theory of evolution.’ Sir Arthur Keith |
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P1234567890
Emperor of the Universe
Joined: 11 Mar 2006
Posts: 8336
Location: Victoria, Canada
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| Posted: Sat Jan 19, 2008 8:25 am Post subject: Re: Mutations DO Increase Functionality |
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| Trinity1 wrote: | | P1234567890 wrote: |
Trinity, I already DID provide a reference to a scientific paper (see above) which CLEARLY shows that gene duplication as a mechanism for evolution is a reality and that it has been observed. Apparently you did not follow that link or look at the paper.
For your convenience, I am citing it again here:
http://www.nslij-genetics.org/duplication/zhang03.pdf |
P... I did read this study. Perhaps you didn't notice on page 293, lower right:
| Quote: | | Gene duplication produces functional redundancy... |
That means... no new functions. The authors postulate after millions of years of the gene having a neutral impact on the organism... it would not be until then could this new pseudo-gene generate some new function.
Your citation therefore FAILS. Like I said before.... there ought to be thousands of these out there... one example should not be that hard to cite. |
Trinity, why on Earth did you stop reading there?!? That section is about pseudogenization, which is NOT what we're talking about. You picked the one part of the paper describing the case which you want to be true!
There are other cases, and if you had continued to read further, you would have seen the section called 'Neofunctionalization'. In fact, its opening sentence is:
| Quote: |
One of the most important outcomes of gene duplication is the origin of novel function. |
That's a pretty unambiguous statement, and it couldn't have been worded better for the current topic of discussion. You wanted a citation? Well, there you have it!
_________________
"Men never do evil so completely and cheerfully as when they do it from religious conviction."
-Blaise Pascal
"...with or without religion, good people can behave well and bad people can do evil; but for good people to do evil -that takes religion..."
-Steven Weinberg
"I would bless my children with your destruction instead."
-Someone who shall remain anonymous. |
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Trinity1
Emperor of the World
Joined: 02 Apr 2006
Posts: 3123
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| Posted: Sat Jan 19, 2008 12:25 pm Post subject: Re: Mutations DO Increase Functionality |
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| P1234567890 wrote: |
| Quote: |
One of the most important outcomes of gene duplication is the origin of novel function. |
That's a pretty unambiguous statement, and it couldn't have been worded better for the current topic of discussion. You wanted a citation? Well, there you have it! |
Right... that is exactly what it says. However, when it says there are several examples of this occurring it references comparative genetics between human and apes... NOT AN OBSERVABLE EXAMPLE OF IT OCCURING.... only conjecture on what might have happened in our 'evolutionary' past.
THIS IS NOT OBSERVATIONAL SCIENCE P. It is only more of the same ToE dogma predicated on what they think could have, might have, should have happened in the past. The problem is that we do not see this occurring today... and that is and has been my point. Your citation is nothing more than the comparative genetics that science has stated that we have junk DNA... or pseudo genes that have no function, when... after we gain more understanding and information we end up finding out they do indeed have some function or purpose.
Cite Brother... I'm still waiting.
_________________
Exodus 20:11 "For in six days the Lord made the heavens and the earth, the sea, and all that is in them..."
‘The German Führer, as I have consistently maintained, is an evolutionist; he has consciously sought to make the practice of Germany conform to the theory of evolution.’ Sir Arthur Keith |
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P1234567890
Emperor of the Universe
Joined: 11 Mar 2006
Posts: 8336
Location: Victoria, Canada
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atoz
Emperor of the Solar System
Joined: 28 Jun 2007
Posts: 4189
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| Posted: Mon Feb 04, 2008 1:22 pm Post subject: Re: Mutations DO Increase Functionality |
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| P1234567890 wrote: | This post is intended for Trinity, who has repeatedly stated that evolution can't work because mutations can not add new functionality to a genome.
Trinity, this claim of yours is FALSE, and a while back I explained to you exactly why it is false. You must not have read that post, so I am re-posting it here. Please read this, because it explains exactly how mutations can (and do) add new functionality to a genome:[atoz' underline.]
...... |
P123,
Have you really listened to all of your masters?
STEPHEN T. GOIJLD, Harvard,
"A mutation doesn't produce major new raw material.
You don't make a new species by mutating the species. ...
That's a common idea people have; that evolution is due to random mutations.
A mutation is NOT the cause of evolutionary change." Lecture at Hobart and William Smith College, 14/2/1980
"The secrets of evolution are time and death. Time for the slow accumulations of favorable mutations, and death to make room for new species."
Carl Sagan, "Cosmos," program entitled "One Voice in the Cosmic Fugue."
"To propose and argue that mutations even in tandem with 'natural selection' are the root-causes for 6,000,000 viable, enormously complex species,
is
to mock logic,
deny the weight of evidence,
and reject the fundamentals of mathematical probability."
Cohen, I.L. (1984) Darwin Was Wrong: A Study in Probabilities , New York: New Research Publications, Inc., p. 81
STEPHEN. T GOULD Harvard,
"I well remember how the synthetic theory beguiled me with its unifying power when I was a graduate student in the mid -1960's.
Since then,
I have been watching it slowly unravel as a universal description of evolution & I have been reluctant to admit it - since beguiling is often forever - but if Mayr's characterization of the synthetic theory is accurate, then that theory as a general proposition, is effectively dead, despite its persistence as textbook orthodoxy." Paleobiology Vol. 6 1980 p. 120.
MICHAEL DENTON Molecular Biologist (Agnostic):
"To grasp the reality of life as it has been revealed by molecular biology, we must magnify a cell a thousand million times until it is twenty kilometers in diameter and resembles a giant airship large enough to cover a great city like London or New York.
What we would then see would be an object of unparalleled complexity and adaptive design.
On the surface of the cell we would see millions of openings, like the portholes of a vast space ship, opening and closing to allow a continual stream of materials to flow in and out.
If we were to enter one of these openings we would find ourselves in a world of supreme technology and bewildering complexity....
Is it really credible that random processes could have constructed
a reality, the smallest element of which functional protein or gene - is complex beyond our own creative capacities,
a reality which is the very antithesis of chance, which excels in every sense anything produced by the intelligence of man?", EVOLUTION, A THEORY IN CRISIS, 1985, pp. 327-8, 342.
With all Love and R,
atoz |
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P1234567890
Emperor of the Universe
Joined: 11 Mar 2006
Posts: 8336
Location: Victoria, Canada
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| Posted: Mon Feb 04, 2008 3:18 pm Post subject: Re: Mutations DO Increase Functionality |
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| atoz wrote: |
STEPHEN T. GOIJLD, Harvard,
"A mutation doesn't produce major new raw material.
You don't make a new species by mutating the species. ...
That's a common idea people have; that evolution is due to random mutations.
A mutation is NOT the cause of evolutionary change." Lecture at Hobart and William Smith College, 14/2/1980 |
Wonderful, now you're quote mining Gould as well. You should be ashamed.
_________________
"Men never do evil so completely and cheerfully as when they do it from religious conviction."
-Blaise Pascal
"...with or without religion, good people can behave well and bad people can do evil; but for good people to do evil -that takes religion..."
-Steven Weinberg
"I would bless my children with your destruction instead."
-Someone who shall remain anonymous. |
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atoz
Emperor of the Solar System
Joined: 28 Jun 2007
Posts: 4189
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| Posted: Mon Feb 04, 2008 4:33 pm Post subject: Re: Mutations DO Increase Functionality |
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| P1234567890 wrote: |
| atoz wrote: |
STEPHEN T. GOIJLD, Harvard,
"A mutation doesn't produce major new raw material.
You don't make a new species by mutating the species. ...
That's a common idea people have; that evolution is due to random mutations.
A mutation is NOT the cause of evolutionary change." Lecture at Hobart and William Smith College, 14/2/1980 |
Wonderful, now you're quote mining Gould as well. You should be ashamed. |
atoz: I see that you are not of a mind
that you are and shd be mining your own mind
and AE's and SG's and mine!smile
hmmmmmmm
Now.
What?
How can you call me wonderful and ashamed and atoz in the same post?
Don't you know who i am?
I should be ashamed?
I ought to be ashamed?
I am as Hamed!smile
I am Ham Ed Atoz!smile
As long as you love yourself as hamed, you're fine!smile
I am as hamed because I shd not have to remind a PhD Grad of what a mutation does not do!smile
All I am encouraging you to do
is
to mine your own mind!smile
But as long as you are inform ed,
put it on my tab!smile
Thanx for your attempt at mining my posts:
but without mining your own mind,
it's pretty hard, nigh impossible,
to mine anybody else's mind!smile
with Love and r for me
as hamed
and as Gold miner,smile
W. H. Ed Atoz, smile
Last edited by atoz on Mon Feb 04, 2008 7:33 pm; edited 1 time in total |
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P1234567890
Emperor of the Universe
Joined: 11 Mar 2006
Posts: 8336
Location: Victoria, Canada
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| Posted: Mon Feb 04, 2008 5:09 pm Post subject: Re: Mutations DO Increase Functionality |
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| atoz wrote: |
I am as hamed because I shd not have mine to remind a PhD Grad of what a mutation does not do!smile
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I have no idea if the quote above is a real quote from Gould. I suspect it isn't, but if it is, then you have taken it grossly out of context.
He most certainly believed that mutations are the driving force behind evolution. If you actually read some of his work rather than just quotes which have been mined by dishonest creationists on the internet, then you would know that.
_________________
"Men never do evil so completely and cheerfully as when they do it from religious conviction."
-Blaise Pascal
"...with or without religion, good people can behave well and bad people can do evil; but for good people to do evil -that takes religion..."
-Steven Weinberg
"I would bless my children with your destruction instead."
-Someone who shall remain anonymous. |
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